the plant extract showed a significant restoration of serum enzyme levels which were

altered by PCM administration (Sangamithira et al. 2016).

29.2.6.24 Taraxacum officinale

T. officinale is a member of Asteraceae family, and it grows in many parts of the

world (Molina-Montenegro et al. 2010). It is commonly known as dandelion and has

a long history of ancient use in hepatobiliary diseases. It is reported that leaf of this

plant contains aesculin and the roots have shown to possess active constituents such

as

sesquiterpene

lactones

(germacrane-

and

guaiane-type),

triterpenes,

carbohydrates, fatty acids (myristic), carotenoids (lutein), flavonoids (apigenin),

minerals, taraxalisin, coumarins and cichoriin (Tabassum et al. 2010). The sesqui-

terpene lactones present in the plant have shown protective action against acute

hepatotoxicity induced by the administration of CC14 in mice (Mahesh et al. 2010).

Furthermore, the aqueous extract of T. officinale was evaluated at a dose of 1 g/kg for

8 days in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. The treatment resulted in the

marked reduction of hepatic markers and also attenuated the oxidative stress induced

by ethanol which suggested its protective action (You et al. 2010).

29.2.6.25 Tragopogon porrifolius

T. porrifolius is commonly known as purple salsify and belongs to family Asteraceae

(Mroueh et al. 2011). The active constituents of this plant prevent free radical-

associated disorders. The compounds that are present in major proportion in this

plant

include

4-vinyl

guaiacol

(19.0%),

hexadecanoic

acid

(17.9%),

hexahydrofarnesylacetone (15.8%) and hentriacontane (10.7%) (Konopiński 2009;

Formisano et al. 2010). It has shown substantial hepatoprotective activity against

CCl4-induced hepatic injury in rats (Mroueh et al. 2011). The methanol extract of

T. porrifolius was evaluated in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity at 50, 100 and 250 mg/

kg, i.p. in rats. The plant extract significantly attenuated the CCl4-induced increased

in hepatic markers (AST, ALT and LDH) and oxidative stress showing a protective

effect (Tenkerian et al. 2015).

29.2.7 Bioactive Compounds Used in Treating Liver Disorders

Various isolated compounds evaluated against hepatotoxicity are discussed here,

their mechanistic studies are given in Table 29.1 and their structures are given in

Fig. 29.1.

29.2.7.1 Cliv-92

Cliv-92 is a potent hepatoprotective agent isolated from the seeds of Cleome viscosa

Linn. of family Capparidaceae. It is a mixture of three coumarinolignoids,

i.e. cleomiscosins A, B and C. It was reported to possess hepatoprotective activity

similar to silymarin against carbon tetrachloride and phalloidin-induced liver toxic-

ity (Anand and Lal 2016). The ethyl acetate fraction of C. viscosa was evaluated in

CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Animals were treated with ethyl acetate fraction

29

The Pathophysiology of Liver Disorders and Pharmacotherapy Options with. . .

569